Juvenile Justice Youth Shortchanged by Overloaded Juvenile Defense Caseloads

Focusing on changing youth behavior is important. However, youth success also depends on what we as adults do, particularly when it comes to youth who come in contact with the justice system. The Justice Policy Institute’s new report, “System Overload,” shows how our shortchanging of public defender systems can have significant and lasting negative affects for both youth and adults who rely on them.
The right to effective counsel, regardless of ability to pay, is guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. This includes youth facing juvenile delinquency proceedings. However, a lack of financial resources for public defenders means that attorneys don’t have enough time for each case. Youth may not see their attorney until shortly before a hearing, or their public defender’s office might not have funding for investigators to look into the facts around the alleged offense. The following are some possible consequences of not having a robust public defender system:

• Youth are more likely to be confined prior to their day in court. Without a strong argument from a defender that a youth could be safely referred to community-based programs, the youth could be held in a detention facility for weeks or months. And research has shown that juvenile detention facilities reduce youth well-being and do nothing to improve public safety.
• Youth may end up being tried in the adult system. For some offenses in some jurisdictions, judges can decide whether to “waive up” a youth to the adult criminal justice system. Reports have shown that youth do worst when placed in adult lock ups, which have fewer appropriate services and can expose youth to harm. Effective counsel can often successfully argue that a youth should remain in the juvenile system.
• Lack of quality defense may lead to more pressure to plead guilty or admit delinquency. Especially if they are being held in a detention facility or jail, a youth may feel pressure to agree to a plea because they just want to go home. Harried public defenders may not adequately explain to their clients the consequences of the criminal or juvenile record their plea will cause, or may prematurely push for an agreement so as not to fall farther behind in their cases.
•  Youth who are innocent may be wrongly convicted or adjudicated delinquent, while others may end up with a harsher sentence. As more and more evidence is showing, even a juvenile record can have lasting collateral consequences. Being convicted in the adult justice system also creates barriers to housing, education and employment – all critical components of successfully transitioning to adulthood. Effective public defender systems not only can better defend the innocence of the wrongly accused, they also have the resources to research and advocate for alternatives to incarceration and confinement; these can include diversionary programs that avoid an adjudication or conviction and that have been shown to have better outcomes both for the youth and for the community.

With most states and counties searching for places to trim budgets, public defenders are being forced to defend their own worth to the community. We believe that better funding for public defense not only will give us a fairer justice system, it also will ensure kids get the legal support they need to keep them on track for the best future possible.
 

Tracy Velázquez has served as Executive Director of the Justice Policy Institute, since January 2009, having come to JPI from the Vera Institute of Justice in New York City. Prior to that, Tracy led the Montana Mental Health Association and worked on a variety of social justice and public health policies. She has a bachelor’s from Harvard University and a Masters degree in Public Administration from Montana State University, and lives in Prince George’s County, Maryland.